Hydrodynamic simulations of merging clusters of galaxies     

Benedict W. Ritchie  Peter A. Thomas 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,329(3):675-688

We present the results of high-resolution AP³M+SPH simulations of merging clusters of galaxies. We find that the compression and shocking of the core gas during a merger can lead to large increases in bolometric X-ray luminosities and emission-weighted temperatures of clusters. Cooling flows are completely disrupted during equal-mass mergers, with the mass deposition rate dropping to zero as the cores of the clusters collide. The large increase in the cooling time of the core gas strongly suggests that cooling flows will not recover from such a merger within a Hubble time. Mergers with subclumps having one eighth of the mass of the main cluster are also found to disrupt a cooling flow if the merger is head-on. However, in this case the entropy injected into the core gas is rapidly radiated away and the cooling flow restarts within a few Gyr of the merger. Mergers in which the subcluster has an impact parameter of 500 kpc do not disrupt the cooling flow, although the mass deposition rate is reduced by ∼30 per cent. Finally, we find that equal mass, off-centre mergers can effectively mix gas in the cores of clusters, while head on mergers lead to very little mixing. Gas stripped from the outer layers of subclumps results in parts of the outer layers of the main cluster being well mixed, although they have little effect on the gas in the core of the cluster. None of the mergers examined here resulted in the intracluster medium being well mixed globally.  相似文献   

X-ray evidence for multiphase hot gas with solar abundances in the brightest elliptical galaxies     

David A. Buote 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,309(3):685-714

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Detection of X-ray emission from the host clusters of 3CR quasars     

C. S. Crawford  I. Lehmann  A. C. Fabian  M. N. Bremer  G. Hasinger 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,308(4):1159-1172

We report the detection of extended X-ray emission around several powerful 3CR quasars with redshifts out to 0.73. The ROSAT HRI images of the quasars have been corrected for spacecraft wobble and compared with an empirical point-spread function. All the quasars examined show excess emission at radii of 15 arcsec and more, the evidence being strong for the more distant objects and weak only for the two nearest ones, which are known from other wavelengths not to lie in strongly clustered environments. The spatial profile of the extended component is consistent with thermal emission from the intracluster medium of moderately rich host clusters to the quasars. The total luminosities of the clusters are in the range ∼4×10⁴⁴–3×10⁴⁵ erg s⁻¹, assuming a temperature of 4 keV. The inner regions of the intracluster medium are, in all cases, dense enough to be part of a cooling flow.  相似文献   

P–T–t paths and post-metamorphic exhumation of the Day Nui Con Voi shear zone in Vietnam     

Tran Ngoc Nam  Mitsuhiro Toriumi  Tetsumaru Itaya 《Tectonophysics》1998,290(3-4):299-318

The Day Nui Con Voi belt in Vietnam is the southeasternmost part of the Red River shear zone in Asia. It is a narrow high-grade metamorphic core complex consisting of garnet–sillimanite–biotite gneisses, mylonite bands, amphibolite layers and migmatites. Geothermobarometric study of the complex revealed that the peak metamorphism took place under amphibolite-facies conditions of 690₋₆₀⁺³⁰°C and 0.65±0.15 GPa and the subsequent mylonitization occurred under greenschist-facies conditions of 480°C and under 0.3 GPa. Fifteen synkinematic hornblende and biotite separates from gneisses, amphibolites and mylonites were dated with the K/Ar method. Hornblende separates from the Day Nui Con Voi give K–Ar ages of 26.4–28.5 Ma, and the biotite separates do give 24.5–24.7 Ma. Combination of thermobarometric and geochronological data yields the cooling history of 500°C at 28 Ma and 300°C at 24 Ma with a cooling rate of 70–110°C Ma⁻¹, and 23 km post-metamorphic exhumation of the core complex. The first 16 km exhumation from the peak of metamorphism (at probably 31 Ma) to 28 Ma was triggered by the left-lateral strike-slip displacement of the Red River shear zone.  相似文献   

Reaction textures in scapolite–wollastonite–grossular calc-silicate rock from the Kerala Khondalite Belt, Southern India: evidence for high-temperature metamorphism and initial cooling     

M. Satish-Kumar  Simon L. Harley 《Lithos》1998,44(3-4):83-99

Scapolite–wollastonite–grossular bearing calc-silicate rocks from the Vellanad area in the Kerala Khondalite Belt (KKB) of Southern India preserve a number of reaction textures which help to deduce their P–T–fluid history. Textures include calcite+plagioclase±quartz symplectites after scapolite, grossular+quartz coronas between wollastonite and plagioclase, grossular coronas between wollastonite and plagioclase+calcite that replace former scapolite, and grossular blebs replacing anorthite+calcite+quartz pseudomorphs of scapolite. Garnet coronas are also observed between clinopyroxene and wollastonite or scapolite or plagioclase. The reactions, apart from those involving clinopyroxene, can be modelled in the simple CaO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–CO₂ system and interpreted using partial reaction grids constructed for the activities of end-members in the analysed phases. The reaction topologies produced are good approximations for the peak as well as retrograde mineral assemblages and reaction textures. For the compositions of the phases present in this study, the medium pressure calc-silicate assemblages are defined by the stable pseudo-invariant points [Qtz], [Mei] and [Grs]. The textural features interpreted using these activity-corrected grids indicate a phase of isobaric cooling from about 835°C to 750°C at 6 kbar in the Vellanad area. This is inconsistent with earlier studies on other lithologies from the KKB, most of which imply a post-peak P–T path involving near-isothermal decompression. However, as the temperatures obtained for the KKB from the calc-silicates are higher than those previously deduced from metapelites and garnet–orthopyroxene assemblages, the phase of near-isobaric cooling reported here is inferred to have proceeded prior to the onset of the decompression documented from studies of other rock types.  相似文献   

新生代全球变冷与青藏高原隆升的关系   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

刘志飞  王成善 《矿物岩石》1998,(Z1)

文中综合分析可以影响新生代全球变冷的四种原因,提出青藏隆升对新生代大气ＣＯ２浓度降低起主导作用,对新生代全球气温的降低起关键控制作用。这种作用是通过青藏高原隆升加剧全球硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩的化学风化、有机碳埋藏、植物的光合作用来实现的。而且,青藏高原隆升有可能同洋流改变和行星轨道参数变化于第三纪末至第四纪共同对新生代全球变冷起控制作用。因此,目前首先解决的科学目标应该是：精确刻划青藏高原隆升时代和幅度,并确定青藏高原隆升对新生代全球变冷的贡献,确定一种以青藏高原隆升为主导作用的控制新生代全球变冷的综合模式。  相似文献   

The relationship between cooling flows and metallicity measurements for X-ray-luminous clusters     

S. W. Allen  & A. C. Fabian 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,297(3):L63-L68

We explore the relationship between the metallicity of the intracluster gas in clusters of galaxies, determined by X-ray spectroscopy, and the presence of cooling flows. Using ASCA spectra and ROSAT images, we demonstrate a clear segregation between the metallicities of clusters with and without cooling flows. On average, cooling-flow clusters have an emission-weighted metallicity a factor ∼ 1.8 times higher than that of non-cooling-flow systems. We suggest that this is caused by the presence of metallicity gradients in the cooling-flow clusters, coupled with the sharply peaked X-ray surface brightness profiles of these systems. Non-cooling-flow clusters have much flatter X-ray surface brightness distributions and are thought to have undergone recent merger events, which may have mixed the central high-metallicity gas with the surrounding less metal-rich material. We find no evidence for evolution in the emission-weighted metallicities of clusters within z  ∼ 0.3.  相似文献   

The impact of cooling flows on the T_X–L_Bol relation for the most luminous clusters     

S. W. Allen  & A. C. Fabian 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,297(3):L57-L62

We examine the effects of cooling flows on the T _X– L _Bol relation for a sample of the most X-ray luminous ( L _Bol > 10⁴⁵ erg s⁻¹) clusters of galaxies known. Using high-quality ASCA X-ray spectra and ROSAT images we explicitly account for the effects of cooling flows on the X-ray properties of the clusters and show that this reduces the previously noted dispersion in the T _X– L _Bol relationship. More importantly, the slope of the relationship is flattened from L _Bol ∝  T ³_X to approximately L _Bol ∝  T ²_X, in agreement with recent theoretical models which include the effects of shocks and pre-heating on the X-ray gas. We find no evidence for evolution in the T _X– L _Bol relation within z  ∼ 0.3. Our results demonstrate that the effects of cooling flows must be accounted for before cosmological parameters can be determined from X-ray observations of clusters. The results presented here should provide a reliable basis for modelling the T _X– L _Bol relation at high X-ray luminosities.  相似文献   

X-ray observations of distant Abell clusters     

E. Rizza  J. O. Burns  M. J. Ledlow  F. N. Owen  W. Voges  & M. Bliton 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,301(2):328-342

We present results from a ROSAT HRI study of 11 distant ( z  ∼ 0.2–0.3) Abell clusters. We have performed a morphological analysis to search for and quantify substructure in the clusters. About 70 per cent of the sample shows significant evidence of substructure in the form of centroid shift or obvious X-ray clumps. We examine the clusters for the presence of cooling flows, and determine the physical properties of the ICM by deprojecting the HRI data. Nine of the clusters have central cooling times less than the age of the system, in agreement with fractions determined from nearby, X-ray-bright samples. Additional PSPC results are presented for four clusters in the sample, and ASCA results for six clusters. The temperatures and metallicities for these distant clusters appear to be consistent with nearby clusters of similar richness.  相似文献   

Mass constraints from multiphase cooling flow models     

Peter A. Thomas 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,299(2):349-356

I review the multiphase cooling flow equations that reduce to a relatively simple form for a wide class of self-similar density distributions described by the single parameter, k , first introduced by Nulsen. It is shown that steady-state cooling flows are not consistent with all possible emissivity profiles, which can therefore be used as a test of the theory. In combination, they provide strong constraints on the temperature profile and mass distribution within the cooling radius. The model is applied to ROSAT HRI data for three rich clusters. At one extreme ( K  ∼ 1) these show evidence for cores in the mass distribution of size 110–140 h ⁻¹₅₀ kpc and have temperatures that decline towards the flow centre. At the other ( k ∈ ∞), the mass density and gas temperature both rise sharply towards the flow centre. The former are more consistent with observations which usually show a lower emission-weighted temperature within the cooling flow than from the cluster as a whole. The requirement that the solutions have a temperature gradient that is non-increasing towards the cluster centre limits the matter density gradient to be shallower than ρ_grav ∝∼  r ^−1.2 in the cluster core.  相似文献